UJSM Universal Jabber Session Manager
Acronym Definition
UJSM Universal Jabber Session Manager
UJSM Universal JEOL Scanning Microscope
UJSM Universal Journal of Software Maintenance
UJSM Universal Journal of Sport Management
UJSM U-Just Shoot Me
UJSM Union of Jewish Students
UJSM Urban Jobs Sales Manager
UJSM Universal Jabber Session Manager
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is an open, XML-inspired
protocol for near-real-time, extensible instant messaging (IM) and presence
information (a.k.a. buddy lists). It is the core protocol of the Jabber Instant
Messaging and Presence technology. The protocol is built to be extensible and
other features such as Voice over IP and file transfer signaling have been
added.
Unlike most instant messaging protocols, XMPP is based on open standards. Like
e-mail, it is an open system where anyone who has a domain name and a suitable
Internet connection can run their own Jabber server and talk to users on other
servers. The standard server implementations and many clients are also free and
open source software.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) formed an XMPP Working Group in 2002
to formalize the core protocols as an IETF Instant Messaging and presence
technology. The four specifications produced by the XMPP WG were approved by the
IESG as Proposed Standards in 2004. RFC 3920 and RFC 3921 are currently
undergoing revisions in preparation for advancing them to Draft Standard within
the Internet Standards Process. The XMPP Standards Foundation (formerly the
Jabber Software Foundation) is active in developing open XMPP extensions.
Unfortunately no Jabber technology correctly implements the RFCs in full.
XMPP-based software is deployed on thousands of servers across the Internet and
by 2003 was used by over ten million people worldwide, according to the XMPP
Standards Foundation. Popular commercial servers include the Gizmo Project.
Popular client applications include the freeware clients offered by Google and
the Gizmo Project, multi-protocol instant messengers such as iChat and Pidgin
(formerly Gaim), and free dedicated clients such as Psi. Google Talk provides
XMPP gateways to its service.
History
Jeremie Miller began the Jabber project in 1998. Its first major public release
occurred in May 2000. The project's main product was jabberd, a Jabber server.
This early Jabber protocol formed the basis for XMPP, published as RFC 3920. It
has often been regarded as being in competition with SIMPLE, based on the SIP
protocol, as the standard protocol for instant messaging and presence
notification.
As of 2005, about half a dozen XMPP server software implementations written in
different programming languages and targeting different use cases existed.
In August 2005, Google introduced Google Talk, a combination VoIP and IM system
which uses XMPP for its instant messaging function. The initial launch did not
include server-to-server communications, but as of January 17, 2006, it has
server-to-server communications enabled.
Features
Decentralization
The architecture of the XMPP network is similar to email; anyone can run their
own XMPP server and there is no central master server.
Open standards
The Internet Engineering Task Force has formalized XMPP as an approved instant
messaging and presence technology under the name of XMPP, and the XMPP
specifications have been published as RFC 3920 and RFC 3921. No royalties are
required to implement support of these specifications and their development is
not tied to a single vendor.
History
XMPP technologies have been in use since 1998. Multiple implementations of the
XMPP standards exist for clients, servers, components, and code libraries, with
the backing of large companies such as Sun Microsystems and Google.
Security
XMPP servers may be isolated from the public Jabber network (e.g., on a company
intranet), and robust security (via SASL and TLS) has been built into the core
XMPP specifications. To encourage use of channel encryption, the XMPP Standards
Foundation also runs an intermediate certification authority at xmpp.net
offering free digital certificates to XMPP server administrators under the
auspices of the StartCom Certification Authority (which is the root CA for the
intermediate CA).
Flexibility
Custom functionality can be built on top of XMPP; to maintain interoperability,
common extensions are managed by the XMPP Software Foundation. XMPP applications
beyond IM include network management, content syndication, collaboration tools,
file sharing, gaming, and remote systems monitoring.
Decentralisation and addressing
The Jabber network is server-based (i.e. clients do not talk directly to one
another) but decentralized; by design there is no central authoritative server,
as there is with services such as AOL Instant Messenger or MSN Messenger. Some
confusion often arises on this point as there is a public XMPP server being run
at "Jabber.org", to which a large number of users subscribe. However, anyone may
run their own XMPP server on their own domain.
Every user on the network has a unique Jabber ID (usually abbreviated as JID).
To avoid the need for a central server with a list of IDs, the JID is structured
like an e-mail address with a username and a DNS address for the server where
that user resides separated by an at sign (@), such as username@domain.com.
Since a user may wish to log in from multiple locations, the server allows the
client to specify a further string known as a resource, which identifies which
of the user's clients it is (for example home, work and mobile). This may then
be included in the JID by adding a forward slash followed by the name of the
resource. Each resource may have specified a numerical value called priority.
For example the full JID of a user's mobile account would be username@domain.com/mobile.
Messages that are simply sent to username@domain.com will go to client with
highest priority, but those sent to username@domain.com/mobile will only go to
the mobile client.
JIDs without a username part are also valid and may be used (with or without a
resource part) for system messages and control of special features on the
server.
Message delivery process
Suppose juliet@capulet.com wants to chat with romeo@montague.net. Juliet and
Romeo each respectively have accounts on the capulet.com and montague.net
servers. When Juliet types in and sends her message, a sequence of events is set
in action:
Juliet's client sends her message to the capulet.com server
If montague.net is blocked on capulet.com the message is dropped.
The capulet.com server opens a connection to the montague.net server.
The montague.net server delivers the message to Romeo
If capulet.com is blocked on montague.net, the message is dropped.
If Romeo is not currently connected, the message is stored for later delivery.
Juliet ? capulet.com → montague.net ? Romeo
Connecting to other protocols
Another useful feature of the XMPP system is that of transports, also known as
gateways, which allow users to access networks using other protocols. This can
be other instant messaging protocols, but also protocols such as SMS or E-mail.
Unlike multi-protocol clients, XMPP provides this access at the server level by
communicating via special gateway services running on a remote computer. Any
user can "register" with one of these gateways by providing the information
needed to log on to that network, and can then communicate with users of that
network as though they were Jabber users. This means that any client which fully
supports XMPP can be used to access any network to which a gateway exists,
without the need for any extra code in the client and without the need for the
client to have direct access to the Internet. This may violate terms of service
on the protocol used; however, such terms of service are not legally enforceable
in several countries.
XMPP and HTTP
Another interesting aspect of XMPP is the HTTP binding for users behind
restricted firewalls. In the original specification, XMPP could use HTTP in two
ways: polling and binding. . Polling is now deprecated from the standard. but
HTTP polling essentially implies messages stored on a server-side database are
being fetched (and posted) regularly by an XMPP client by way of HTTP 'GET' and
'POST' requests. With binding, the client uses longer-lived HTTP connections to
receive messages as soon as they are sent. This push-model of notification is
more efficient than polling, where many of the polls return no new data.
Because the client uses HTTP, most firewalls would allow the client to fetch and
post messages without any hindrance. Thus, in scenarios where the TCP port used
by XMPP is blocked, a server can listen on the normal HTTP port and the traffic
should pass without problems. There also are various websites which allow people
to sign in to Jabber via their browser.
Uptake and clients
M List of Jabber client software
XMPP is implemented by a large number of XMPP clients, servers, and code
libraries. These include:
Google Talk, Google's instant messaging product, uses an implementation of the
protocol.
LJTalk, Livejournal's instant messaging product, also uses XMPP, running the
perl-based implementation, DJabberd
The Gizmo Project, primarily a Voice over IP system using Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP), uses XMPP as its instant messaging protocol and can interoperate
with Google Talk for text.
The open source peer-to-peer WiredReach Universal Content Sharing System, an
example of social networking software, depends upon XMPP.
This short section requires expansion.
Development
The IETF XMPP working group has produced a number of RFC protocol documents:
RFC 3920, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core which
describes client-server messaging using two open ended XML streams. XML streams
consist of <presence/>, <message/> and <iq/> (info/query). A connection is
authenticated with Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) and encrypted
with Transport Layer Security (TLS).
RFC 3921, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Instant Messaging
and Presence describes instant messaging (IM), the most common application of
XMPP.
RFC 3922, Mapping the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) to
Common Presence and Instant Messaging (CPIM) relates XMPP and the Common
Presence and Instant Messaging (CPIM) specifications.
RFC 3923, End-to-End Signing and Object Encryption for the Extensible Messaging
and Presence Protocol (XMPP) describes end to end encryption of XMPP messages
using S/MIME. Conflicting this proposal, many clients currently use GPG for
encrypting messages.
The XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF) develops and publishes extensions to XMPP
through a standards process centered around XMPP Extension Protocols (XEPs,
previously known as Jabber Enhancement Proposals - JEPs). The following
extensions are in especially wide use:
Data Forms
Service Discovery
Multi-User Chat
XHTML-IM
File Transfer
Entity Capabilities
HTTP Binding
XMPP is also currently being extended to handle signaling / negotiation for
Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and other media sessions. This signaling
protocol is called Jingle. Jingle is designed to be consistent with the Google
Talk service and interoperable with the Session Initiation Protocol.

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With the rising popularity of
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Ultima Online was one of the first
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